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Beschreibung: Beschreibung: Working memory is a capacity-limited cognitive system essential for the temporary storage and manipulation of information. When storing two sets of items (e.g., sets A and B) for immediate testing, prior studies have shown that varying the number of items in one set disproportionately affects performance for that specific set compared to the other (e.g., Markov et al., 2019; Ni et al., 2024). However, the extent to which this effect depends on additional parameters and the underlying cognitive mechanisms remains unclear. The aim of this Bachelor?s thesis is to address these gaps by systematically reviewing studies that have reported such effects and comparing their methodologies. The findings will serve as a basis for generating hypotheses about the cognitive processes enabling these asymmetries, offering insights into the interaction between dual-set designs and working memory performance.
References:
Markov, Y. A., Tiurina, N. A., & Utochkin, I. S. (2019). Different features are stored independently in visual working memory but mediated by object-based representations. Acta Psychologica, 197, 52?63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.05.003
Ni, J., Fu, J., Wang, R., Yang, C., & Cai, Y. (2024). Asymmetric Interaction Effects of Information with Varying Priorities in Visual Working Memory. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5012309
Kontakt: Noah Rischert, E-Mail
Beschreibung: Working memory can be defined as a capacity-limited cognitive system that is used for the storage and manipulation of information. Within working memory, information can be prioritized by using a retro-cue. A retro-cue is typically a spatial cue that indicates which of the memory items will be most relevant for the upcoming memory test (Griffin & Nobre, 2003; Landman et al., 2003). When a retro-cue is used, memory performance has been found to be improved for the cued item in comparison to the uncued items. The memory performance benefit for the cued item is such a robust finding in the literature that it is considered a benchmark in working memory research (see Oberauer et al., 2018). Still, it remains unclear why this benefit arises. Past studies have proposed different hypotheses (see Souza & Oberauer, 2016 for an overview), but no consensus has been reached so far.
The goal of the Bachelor thesis is to review literature and gather evidence for or against the different hypotheses proposed in Souza and Oberauer?s (2016) review, with a strong focus on articles published since Souza and Oberauer?s (2016) review article.
References
Griffin, I. C., & Nobre, A. C. (2003). Orienting Attention to Locations in Internal Representations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(8), 1176?1194.
https://doi.org/10.1162/089892903322598139
Landman, R., Spekreijse, H., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2003). Large capacity storage of integrated objects before change blindness. Vision Research, 43(2), 149?164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0042-6989(02)00402-9
Oberauer, K., Lewandowsky, S., Awh, E., Brown, G. D. A., Conway, A., Cowan, N., Donkin, C., Farrell, S., Hitch, G. J., Hurlstone, M. J., Ma, W. J., Morey, C. C., Nee, D. E., Schweppe, J., Vergauwe, E., & Ward, G. (2018). Benchmarks for models of short-term and working memory. Psychological Bulletin, 144(9), 885?958. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000153
Souza, A. S., & Oberauer, K. (2016). In search of the focus of attention in working memory: 13 years of the retro-cue effect. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-016-1108-5
Kontakt: Klaus Oberauer, E-Mail
Beschreibung: Working memory (WM), the ability to temporarily hold information for further processing, is recognized for its limited capacity. Measuring WM capacity is essential for understanding its function and its interaction with other cognitive processes. A widely used and reliable method for experimentally measuring WM capacity is the change detection paradigm. Typically in this paradigm, participants are instructed to remember an array of information and identify any differences between this initial array and a second array presented after a brief delay. Additionally, computational measurement models allow researchers to conceptually analyse, specify, and formalize theoretical frameworks that have been proposed and debated, such as the discrete-slots and variable-precision models of WM capacity limits. This Bachelor?s thesis aims to review the application of current measurement models in change detection paradigms, as well as their shared and unique theoretical implications on WM capacity.
Kontakt: Dr. Shuangke Jiang, E-Mail
Beschreibung: Age-related memory impairment, a common consequence of the ageing process, affects millions of individuals worldwide, posing significant challenges to maintaining cognitive health and quality of life. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, has emerged as a potential intervention to mitigate these impairments. During a tACS session, electrodes are placed on the scalp to deliver mild electrical currents at specific frequencies. These currents interact with the brain's natural rhythms, particularly those linked to memory processes, such as theta or gamma waves. Despite its potential, the underlying mechanisms by which tACS influences memory processes are not fully understood. Furthermore, the effects of tACS can be variable and depend on numerous factors, including electrode placement, stimulation parameters, and individual differences. The goal of the current Bachelor thesis is to synthesise recent findings on how tACS can tackle age-related memory decline, focusing on its mechanisms, efficacy, and future directions.
Kontakt: Dr. Shuangke Jiang, E-Mail
Beschreibung: Looking at nothing effect (LAN) describes the behavior that individuals look at empty spatial locations during the retrieval of information which was previously associated with these locations. Over the years, the effect has been found to be quite robust and observed across a wide variety of experiments. However, the studies have not focused on understanding the role of visual attention in the effect. Visual attention is linked to both eye movements and working memory. Moreover, focus of attention, a selection mechanism in the working memory also interacts with visual attention. The idea of the thesis is to review the literature on the link between eye movements and visual attention and on the interaction between visual attention and working memory and how this review can help in informing the work on the Looking at Nothing Effect.
Kontakt: Ruhi Bhanap, E-Mail
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